Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients.
Identifieur interne : 000584 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000583; suivant : 000585Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients.
Auteurs : Christian Calvo-Henriquez [France, Espagne] ; Byron Maldonado-Alvarado [France, Espagne] ; Carlos Chiesa-Estomba [France, Espagne] ; Irene Rivero-Fernández [France, Espagne] ; Marta Sanz-Rodriguez [Espagne] ; Ithzel María Villarreal [Espagne] ; Miguel Rodriguez-Iglesias [Espagne] ; Franklin Mari O-Sánchez [Espagne] ; Alejandro Rivero-De-Aguilar [Espagne] ; Jerome R. Lechien [France] ; Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni [France, Espagne] ; Sven Saussez [Belgique] ; Robson Capasso [États-Unis] ; Petros D. Karkos [France, Grèce] ; Valentin Schriever [Allemagne] ; Carlos Martin-Martin [Espagne] ; Isam Alobid [Espagne] ; Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea [Espagne] ; Claudio Fragola [Espagne] ; Miguel Mayo-Yá Ez [France, Espagne] ; Hugo Pérez-Freixo [Espagne] ; Elisabeth Ninchritz-Becerra [Espagne] ; María Soriano-Reixach [Espagne] ; Elisabeth Mondragon-Rezola [Espagne] ; Maria Del Mar Martínez Ruiz-Coello [Espagne] ; Raimundo Andrés Navarro [Espagne] ; Alfredo García-Fernández [Espagne] ; Álvaro Marchan-L Pez [Espagne]Source :
- European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery [ 1434-4726 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Coûts et analyse des coûts (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (complications), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Odorat (MeSH), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (complications), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH), Troubles de l'olfaction (diagnostic), Troubles de l'olfaction (physiopathologie), Troubles de l'olfaction (étiologie), Éthanol (pharmacologie), Études cas-témoins (MeSH).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Troubles de l'olfaction.
- pharmacologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale, Éthanol.
- physiopathologie : Troubles de l'olfaction.
- étiologie : Troubles de l'olfaction.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Betacoronavirus, Coûts et analyse des coûts, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Odorat, Pandémies, Sujet âgé, Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus, Études cas-témoins.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Case-Control Studies (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (complications), Costs and Cost Analysis (MeSH), Ethanol (pharmacology), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Olfaction Disorders (diagnosis), Olfaction Disorders (etiology), Olfaction Disorders (physiopathology), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (complications), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Smell (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Ethanol.
- complications : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- diagnosis : Olfaction Disorders.
- etiology : Olfaction Disorders.
- physiopathology : Olfaction Disorders.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Case-Control Studies, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Smell, Young Adult.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
COVID-19 patients may present mild symptoms. The identification of paucisymptomatic patients is paramount in order to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Olfactory loss could be one of those early symptoms which might help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a fast, inexpensive, reliable and easy-to-perform olfactory test for the screening of suspected COVID-19 patients.
STUDY DESIGN
Phase I was a case-control study and Phase II a transversal descriptive study.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Olfaction was assessed with the ethyl alcohol threshold test and symptoms with visual analogue scales. The study was designed in two phases: In Phase I, we compared confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In Phase II, patients with suspected COVID-19 infection referred for testing were studied.
RESULTS
275 participants were included in Phase I, 135 in Phase II. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.749 in Phase I, 0.737 in Phase II. The cutoff value which offered the highest amount of correctly classified patients was ≥ 2 (10% alcohol) for all age intervals. The odds ratio was 8.19 in Phase I, 6.56 in Phase II with a 75% sensitivity. When cases report normal sense of smell (VAS < 4), it misdiagnoses 57.89% of patients detected by the alcohol threshold test.
CONCLUSION
The olfactory loss assessed with the alcohol threshold test has shown high sensitivity and odds ratio in both patients with confirmed COVID-19 illness and participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06131-3
PubMed: 32583183
PubMed Central: PMC7312102
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Belgique, Espagne, France, Grèce, États-Unis
- Californie, Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, District de Dresde, Galice, Province de Hainaut, Région wallonne, Saxe (Land), Île-de-France
- Barcelone, Dresde, Liège, Madrid, Paris, Santiago de Compostela
- Université de Mons, Université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" sort="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" uniqKey="Maldonado Alvarado B" first="Byron" last="Maldonado-Alvarado">Byron Maldonado-Alvarado</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" sort="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" uniqKey="Rivero Fernandez I" first="Irene" last="Rivero-Fernández">Irene Rivero-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" sort="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" uniqKey="Sanz Rodriguez M" first="Marta" last="Sanz-Rodriguez">Marta Sanz-Rodriguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" sort="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" uniqKey="Villarreal I" first="Ithzel María" last="Villarreal">Ithzel María Villarreal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" sort="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" uniqKey="Rodriguez Iglesias M" first="Miguel" last="Rodriguez-Iglesias">Miguel Rodriguez-Iglesias</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Santiago de Compostela</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Galice</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" sort="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" uniqKey="Mari O Sanchez F" first="Franklin" last="Mari O-Sánchez">Franklin Mari O-Sánchez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" sort="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" uniqKey="Rivero De Aguilar A" first="Alejandro" last="Rivero-De-Aguilar">Alejandro Rivero-De-Aguilar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, General Hospital of La Palma, Canary Islands, La Palma, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, General Hospital of La Palma, Canary Islands, La Palma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Palma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" sort="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" uniqKey="Martinez Capoccioni G" first="Gabriel" last="Martínez-Capoccioni">Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Mons</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Liège</settlement><region type="region" nuts="1">Région wallonne</region><region type="province" nuts="1">Province de Hainaut</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capasso, Robson" sort="Capasso, Robson" uniqKey="Capasso R" first="Robson" last="Capasso">Robson Capasso</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karkos, Petros D" sort="Karkos, Petros D" uniqKey="Karkos P" first="Petros D" last="Karkos">Petros D. Karkos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1st Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>1st Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schriever, Valentin" sort="Schriever, Valentin" uniqKey="Schriever V" first="Valentin" last="Schriever">Valentin Schriever</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik für Kinder-Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik für Kinder-Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Martin, Carlos" sort="Martin Martin, Carlos" uniqKey="Martin Martin C" first="Carlos" last="Martin-Martin">Carlos Martin-Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alobid, Isam" sort="Alobid, Isam" uniqKey="Alobid I" first="Isam" last="Alobid">Isam Alobid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Unite, Department of Otolaryngology, IDIBAPS, Ciberes, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Skull Base Unite, Department of Otolaryngology, IDIBAPS, Ciberes, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" sort="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" uniqKey="Santamaria Gadea A" first="Alfonso" last="Santamaría-Gadea">Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fragola, Claudio" sort="Fragola, Claudio" uniqKey="Fragola C" first="Claudio" last="Fragola">Claudio Fragola</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" sort="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" uniqKey="Mayo Ya Ez M" first="Miguel" last="Mayo-Yá Ez">Miguel Mayo-Yá Ez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Coruña, La Coruña</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Coruña</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Freixo, Hugo" sort="Perez Freixo, Hugo" uniqKey="Perez Freixo H" first="Hugo" last="Pérez-Freixo">Hugo Pérez-Freixo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" sort="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Ninchritz Becerra E" first="Elisabeth" last="Ninchritz-Becerra">Elisabeth Ninchritz-Becerra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soriano Reixach, Maria" sort="Soriano Reixach, Maria" uniqKey="Soriano Reixach M" first="María" last="Soriano-Reixach">María Soriano-Reixach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" sort="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Mondragon Rezola E" first="Elisabeth" last="Mondragon-Rezola">Elisabeth Mondragon-Rezola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" sort="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" uniqKey="Ruiz Coello M" first="Maria Del Mar Martínez" last="Ruiz-Coello">Maria Del Mar Martínez Ruiz-Coello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" sort="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" uniqKey="Navarro R" first="Raimundo Andrés" last="Navarro">Raimundo Andrés Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" sort="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" uniqKey="Garcia Fernandez A" first="Alfredo" last="García-Fernández">Alfredo García-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" sort="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Marchan L Pez A" first="Álvaro" last="Marchan-L Pez">Álvaro Marchan-L Pez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32583183</idno><idno type="pmid">32583183</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00405-020-06131-3</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7312102</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000569</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000569</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000569</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000569</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000569</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients.</title><author><name sortKey="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" sort="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" uniqKey="Calvo Henriquez C" first="Christian" last="Calvo-Henriquez">Christian Calvo-Henriquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France. christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" sort="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" uniqKey="Maldonado Alvarado B" first="Byron" last="Maldonado-Alvarado">Byron Maldonado-Alvarado</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" sort="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" uniqKey="Rivero Fernandez I" first="Irene" last="Rivero-Fernández">Irene Rivero-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" sort="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" uniqKey="Sanz Rodriguez M" first="Marta" last="Sanz-Rodriguez">Marta Sanz-Rodriguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" sort="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" uniqKey="Villarreal I" first="Ithzel María" last="Villarreal">Ithzel María Villarreal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" sort="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" uniqKey="Rodriguez Iglesias M" first="Miguel" last="Rodriguez-Iglesias">Miguel Rodriguez-Iglesias</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Santiago de Compostela</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Galice</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" sort="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" uniqKey="Mari O Sanchez F" first="Franklin" last="Mari O-Sánchez">Franklin Mari O-Sánchez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" sort="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" uniqKey="Rivero De Aguilar A" first="Alejandro" last="Rivero-De-Aguilar">Alejandro Rivero-De-Aguilar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, General Hospital of La Palma, Canary Islands, La Palma, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, General Hospital of La Palma, Canary Islands, La Palma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Palma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" sort="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" uniqKey="Martinez Capoccioni G" first="Gabriel" last="Martínez-Capoccioni">Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Mons</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Liège</settlement><region type="region" nuts="1">Région wallonne</region><region type="province" nuts="1">Province de Hainaut</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capasso, Robson" sort="Capasso, Robson" uniqKey="Capasso R" first="Robson" last="Capasso">Robson Capasso</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karkos, Petros D" sort="Karkos, Petros D" uniqKey="Karkos P" first="Petros D" last="Karkos">Petros D. Karkos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1st Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>1st Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schriever, Valentin" sort="Schriever, Valentin" uniqKey="Schriever V" first="Valentin" last="Schriever">Valentin Schriever</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik für Kinder-Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik für Kinder-Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Martin, Carlos" sort="Martin Martin, Carlos" uniqKey="Martin Martin C" first="Carlos" last="Martin-Martin">Carlos Martin-Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alobid, Isam" sort="Alobid, Isam" uniqKey="Alobid I" first="Isam" last="Alobid">Isam Alobid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Unite, Department of Otolaryngology, IDIBAPS, Ciberes, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Skull Base Unite, Department of Otolaryngology, IDIBAPS, Ciberes, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" sort="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" uniqKey="Santamaria Gadea A" first="Alfonso" last="Santamaría-Gadea">Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fragola, Claudio" sort="Fragola, Claudio" uniqKey="Fragola C" first="Claudio" last="Fragola">Claudio Fragola</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" sort="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" uniqKey="Mayo Ya Ez M" first="Miguel" last="Mayo-Yá Ez">Miguel Mayo-Yá Ez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Coruña, La Coruña</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Coruña</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Freixo, Hugo" sort="Perez Freixo, Hugo" uniqKey="Perez Freixo H" first="Hugo" last="Pérez-Freixo">Hugo Pérez-Freixo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago de Compostela</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" sort="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Ninchritz Becerra E" first="Elisabeth" last="Ninchritz-Becerra">Elisabeth Ninchritz-Becerra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soriano Reixach, Maria" sort="Soriano Reixach, Maria" uniqKey="Soriano Reixach M" first="María" last="Soriano-Reixach">María Soriano-Reixach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" sort="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Mondragon Rezola E" first="Elisabeth" last="Mondragon-Rezola">Elisabeth Mondragon-Rezola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>San Sebastian</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" sort="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" uniqKey="Ruiz Coello M" first="Maria Del Mar Martínez" last="Ruiz-Coello">Maria Del Mar Martínez Ruiz-Coello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" sort="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" uniqKey="Navarro R" first="Raimundo Andrés" last="Navarro">Raimundo Andrés Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" sort="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" uniqKey="Garcia Fernandez A" first="Alfredo" last="García-Fernández">Alfredo García-Fernández</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" sort="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Marchan L Pez A" first="Álvaro" last="Marchan-L Pez">Álvaro Marchan-L Pez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery</title><idno type="eISSN">1434-4726</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Case-Control Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (complications)</term><term>Costs and Cost Analysis (MeSH)</term><term>Ethanol (pharmacology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Olfaction Disorders (diagnosis)</term><term>Olfaction Disorders (etiology)</term><term>Olfaction Disorders (physiopathology)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (complications)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Smell (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Coûts et analyse des coûts (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (complications)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Odorat (MeSH)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (complications)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH)</term><term>Troubles de l'olfaction (diagnostic)</term><term>Troubles de l'olfaction (physiopathologie)</term><term>Troubles de l'olfaction (étiologie)</term><term>Éthanol (pharmacologie)</term><term>Études cas-témoins (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ethanol</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Olfaction Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Troubles de l'olfaction</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Olfaction Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Éthanol</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Troubles de l'olfaction</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Olfaction Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Troubles de l'olfaction</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Case-Control Studies</term><term>Costs and Cost Analysis</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Smell</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Coûts et analyse des coûts</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Odorat</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term><term>Études cas-témoins</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>COVID-19 patients may present mild symptoms. The identification of paucisymptomatic patients is paramount in order to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Olfactory loss could be one of those early symptoms which might help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a fast, inexpensive, reliable and easy-to-perform olfactory test for the screening of suspected COVID-19 patients.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>STUDY DESIGN</b></p><p>Phase I was a case-control study and Phase II a transversal descriptive study.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>SUBJECTS AND METHODS</b></p><p>Olfaction was assessed with the ethyl alcohol threshold test and symptoms with visual analogue scales. The study was designed in two phases: In Phase I, we compared confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In Phase II, patients with suspected COVID-19 infection referred for testing were studied.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>275 participants were included in Phase I, 135 in Phase II. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.749 in Phase I, 0.737 in Phase II. The cutoff value which offered the highest amount of correctly classified patients was ≥ 2 (10% alcohol) for all age intervals. The odds ratio was 8.19 in Phase I, 6.56 in Phase II with a 75% sensitivity. When cases report normal sense of smell (VAS < 4), it misdiagnoses 57.89% of patients detected by the alcohol threshold test.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>The olfactory loss assessed with the alcohol threshold test has shown high sensitivity and odds ratio in both patients with confirmed COVID-19 illness and participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32583183</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1434-4726</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>277</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2783-2792</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00405-020-06131-3</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">COVID-19 patients may present mild symptoms. The identification of paucisymptomatic patients is paramount in order to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Olfactory loss could be one of those early symptoms which might help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a fast, inexpensive, reliable and easy-to-perform olfactory test for the screening of suspected COVID-19 patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="STUDY DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Phase I was a case-control study and Phase II a transversal descriptive study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="SUBJECTS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Olfaction was assessed with the ethyl alcohol threshold test and symptoms with visual analogue scales. The study was designed in two phases: In Phase I, we compared confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In Phase II, patients with suspected COVID-19 infection referred for testing were studied.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">275 participants were included in Phase I, 135 in Phase II. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.749 in Phase I, 0.737 in Phase II. The cutoff value which offered the highest amount of correctly classified patients was ≥ 2 (10% alcohol) for all age intervals. The odds ratio was 8.19 in Phase I, 6.56 in Phase II with a 75% sensitivity. When cases report normal sense of smell (VAS < 4), it misdiagnoses 57.89% of patients detected by the alcohol threshold test.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The olfactory loss assessed with the alcohol threshold test has shown high sensitivity and odds ratio in both patients with confirmed COVID-19 illness and participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calvo-Henriquez</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-0967</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France. christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maldonado-Alvarado</LastName><ForeName>Byron</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-0529</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chiesa-Estomba</LastName><ForeName>Carlos</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-9464</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rivero-Fernández</LastName><ForeName>Irene</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-6714</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sanz-Rodriguez</LastName><ForeName>Marta</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Villarreal</LastName><ForeName>Ithzel María</ForeName><Initials>IM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-7094</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodriguez-Iglesias</LastName><ForeName>Miguel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-6825</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mariño-Sánchez</LastName><ForeName>Franklin</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-0925</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rivero-de-Aguilar</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-8622</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, General Hospital of La Palma, Canary Islands, La Palma, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lechien</LastName><ForeName>Jerome R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-0845</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martínez-Capoccioni</LastName><ForeName>Gabriel</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-1955</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saussez</LastName><ForeName>Sven</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Capasso</LastName><ForeName>Robson</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-1793</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Karkos</LastName><ForeName>Petros D</ForeName><Initials>PD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-5539</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1st Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schriever</LastName><ForeName>Valentin</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-2023</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik für Kinder-Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martin-Martin</LastName><ForeName>Carlos</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-1015</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n. 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alobid</LastName><ForeName>Isam</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-3422</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Skull Base Unite, Department of Otolaryngology, IDIBAPS, Ciberes, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Santamaría-Gadea</LastName><ForeName>Alfonso</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fragola</LastName><ForeName>Claudio</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mayo-Yáñez</LastName><ForeName>Miguel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pérez-Freixo</LastName><ForeName>Hugo</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ninchritz-Becerra</LastName><ForeName>Elisabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Soriano-Reixach</LastName><ForeName>María</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mondragon-Rezola</LastName><ForeName>Elisabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ruiz-Coello</LastName><ForeName>Maria Del Mar Martínez</ForeName><Initials>MDMM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Navarro</LastName><ForeName>Raimundo Andrés</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>García-Fernández</LastName><ForeName>Alfredo</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marchan-López</LastName><ForeName>Álvaro</ForeName><Initials>Á</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9002937</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0937-4477</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3K9958V90M</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000431">Ethanol</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="Y">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016022" MajorTopicYN="N">Case-Control Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003365" MajorTopicYN="N">Costs and Cost Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000431" MajorTopicYN="N">Ethanol</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000857" MajorTopicYN="N">Olfaction Disorders</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="Y">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012903" MajorTopicYN="N">Smell</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Olfaction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Olfactory impairment</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Sniff test</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32583183</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s00405-020-06131-3</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s00405-020-06131-3</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7312102</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Arch 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IdType="pubmed">32282894</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Californie</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>District de Dresde</li><li>Galice</li><li>Province de Hainaut</li><li>Région wallonne</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Dresde</li><li>Liège</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Paris</li><li>Santiago de Compostela</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Mons</li><li>Université de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" sort="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" uniqKey="Calvo Henriquez C" first="Christian" last="Calvo-Henriquez">Christian Calvo-Henriquez</name></region><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos Chiesa-Estomba</name><name sortKey="Karkos, Petros D" sort="Karkos, Petros D" uniqKey="Karkos P" first="Petros D" last="Karkos">Petros D. Karkos</name><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><name sortKey="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" sort="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" uniqKey="Maldonado Alvarado B" first="Byron" last="Maldonado-Alvarado">Byron Maldonado-Alvarado</name><name sortKey="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" sort="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" uniqKey="Martinez Capoccioni G" first="Gabriel" last="Martínez-Capoccioni">Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni</name><name sortKey="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" sort="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" uniqKey="Mayo Ya Ez M" first="Miguel" last="Mayo-Yá Ez">Miguel Mayo-Yá Ez</name><name sortKey="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" sort="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" uniqKey="Rivero Fernandez I" first="Irene" last="Rivero-Fernández">Irene Rivero-Fernández</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" sort="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" uniqKey="Calvo Henriquez C" first="Christian" last="Calvo-Henriquez">Christian Calvo-Henriquez</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Alobid, Isam" sort="Alobid, Isam" uniqKey="Alobid I" first="Isam" last="Alobid">Isam Alobid</name><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos Chiesa-Estomba</name><name sortKey="Fragola, Claudio" sort="Fragola, Claudio" uniqKey="Fragola C" first="Claudio" last="Fragola">Claudio Fragola</name><name sortKey="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" sort="Garcia Fernandez, Alfredo" uniqKey="Garcia Fernandez A" first="Alfredo" last="García-Fernández">Alfredo García-Fernández</name><name sortKey="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" sort="Maldonado Alvarado, Byron" uniqKey="Maldonado Alvarado B" first="Byron" last="Maldonado-Alvarado">Byron Maldonado-Alvarado</name><name sortKey="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" sort="Marchan L Pez, Alvaro" uniqKey="Marchan L Pez A" first="Álvaro" last="Marchan-L Pez">Álvaro Marchan-L Pez</name><name sortKey="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" sort="Mari O Sanchez, Franklin" uniqKey="Mari O Sanchez F" first="Franklin" last="Mari O-Sánchez">Franklin Mari O-Sánchez</name><name sortKey="Martin Martin, Carlos" sort="Martin Martin, Carlos" uniqKey="Martin Martin C" first="Carlos" last="Martin-Martin">Carlos Martin-Martin</name><name sortKey="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" sort="Martinez Capoccioni, Gabriel" uniqKey="Martinez Capoccioni G" first="Gabriel" last="Martínez-Capoccioni">Gabriel Martínez-Capoccioni</name><name sortKey="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" sort="Mayo Ya Ez, Miguel" uniqKey="Mayo Ya Ez M" first="Miguel" last="Mayo-Yá Ez">Miguel Mayo-Yá Ez</name><name sortKey="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" sort="Mondragon Rezola, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Mondragon Rezola E" first="Elisabeth" last="Mondragon-Rezola">Elisabeth Mondragon-Rezola</name><name sortKey="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" sort="Navarro, Raimundo Andres" uniqKey="Navarro R" first="Raimundo Andrés" last="Navarro">Raimundo Andrés Navarro</name><name sortKey="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" sort="Ninchritz Becerra, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Ninchritz Becerra E" first="Elisabeth" last="Ninchritz-Becerra">Elisabeth Ninchritz-Becerra</name><name sortKey="Perez Freixo, Hugo" sort="Perez Freixo, Hugo" uniqKey="Perez Freixo H" first="Hugo" last="Pérez-Freixo">Hugo Pérez-Freixo</name><name sortKey="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" sort="Rivero De Aguilar, Alejandro" uniqKey="Rivero De Aguilar A" first="Alejandro" last="Rivero-De-Aguilar">Alejandro Rivero-De-Aguilar</name><name sortKey="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" sort="Rivero Fernandez, Irene" uniqKey="Rivero Fernandez I" first="Irene" last="Rivero-Fernández">Irene Rivero-Fernández</name><name sortKey="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" sort="Rodriguez Iglesias, Miguel" uniqKey="Rodriguez Iglesias M" first="Miguel" last="Rodriguez-Iglesias">Miguel Rodriguez-Iglesias</name><name sortKey="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" sort="Ruiz Coello, Maria Del Mar Martinez" uniqKey="Ruiz Coello M" first="Maria Del Mar Martínez" last="Ruiz-Coello">Maria Del Mar Martínez Ruiz-Coello</name><name sortKey="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" sort="Santamaria Gadea, Alfonso" uniqKey="Santamaria Gadea A" first="Alfonso" last="Santamaría-Gadea">Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea</name><name sortKey="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" sort="Sanz Rodriguez, Marta" uniqKey="Sanz Rodriguez M" first="Marta" last="Sanz-Rodriguez">Marta Sanz-Rodriguez</name><name sortKey="Soriano Reixach, Maria" sort="Soriano Reixach, Maria" uniqKey="Soriano Reixach M" first="María" last="Soriano-Reixach">María Soriano-Reixach</name><name sortKey="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" sort="Villarreal, Ithzel Maria" uniqKey="Villarreal I" first="Ithzel María" last="Villarreal">Ithzel María Villarreal</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région wallonne"><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Capasso, Robson" sort="Capasso, Robson" uniqKey="Capasso R" first="Robson" last="Capasso">Robson Capasso</name></region></country><country name="Grèce"><noRegion><name sortKey="Karkos, Petros D" sort="Karkos, Petros D" uniqKey="Karkos P" first="Petros D" last="Karkos">Petros D. Karkos</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Saxe (Land)"><name sortKey="Schriever, Valentin" sort="Schriever, Valentin" uniqKey="Schriever V" first="Valentin" last="Schriever">Valentin Schriever</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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